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　　What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar(泥灰，灰浆) will long have gone out of fashion.

　　But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world’s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.

　　Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor(肮脏)and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements(贫民住宅)are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.

　　1.What is the author’s opinion of housing problems in the first paragraph?

　　A.They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.

　　B.They are unimportant and easily dealt with.

　　C.They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.

　　D.They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future.

　　2.The writer is sure that in the distant future ___.

　　A.bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material.

　　B.a new building material will have been invented.

　　C.bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable.

　　D.a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered.

　　3.The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to confront the world before the end of the century ___.

　　A.is difficult to foresee.

　　B.will be how to feed the ever growing population.

　　C.will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world.

　　D.is the question of finding enough ground space.

　　4.When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts ___.

　　A.standards of building are low.

　　B.only minimum shelter will be possible.

　　C.there is not enough ground space.

　　D.the population growth will be the greatest.

　　5.Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?

　　A.Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.

　　B.Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.

　　C.Hong Kong’s crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.

　　D.Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it much harder to deal with them.

 

　　答案：AABDD


 

　　It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft,” and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical system is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity of sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth’s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived form the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.

　　In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even if earth’s geological history, ca easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out. If we define the “security” of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order for hardness and as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we learnt things as they were long age, are limited in the extreme.

　　Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and insecure.

　　1.The word “paradox” (Line 1, Para. 1) means “_____”.

　　A.implication B.contradiction

　　C.interpretation D.confusion

　　2.Accroding to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as “hard” and the social sciences as “soft” because _______.

　　A.a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciences

　　B.our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systems

　　C.our understanding of the social systems is approximately correct

　　D.we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena

　　3.The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that of physical systems because______.

　　A.it is not based on personal experience

　　B.new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciences

　　C.it is based on a fairly representative quantity of data

　　D.the records of social systems are more reliable

　　4.The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest because _____.

　　A.contradictory theories keep emerging all the time

　　B.new information is constantly coming in

　　C.the direction of their development is difficult to predict

　　D.our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate

　　5.We know less about the astronomical universe than we don about any social system because ______.

　　A.theories of its origin and history are varied

　　B.our knowledge of it is highly insecure

　　C.only a very small sample of it has been observed

　　D.few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy

 

　　答案：ACDAD